Nelson Mandela Biography: Early Life, Education, Work, Anti-Apartheid Movement, Presidents, Awards & Honors, etc.

Nelson Mandela Biography: Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid activist who served as South Africa’s first president from 1994 to 1999. Nelson Mandela’s government in the country focused on making eradicating the legacy of apartheid by promoting racial reconciliation. Mandela, an African nationalist and socialist, was president of the African National Congress Party from 1991 to 1997.

In 2009, the United Nations officially declared Nelson Mandela International Day on July 18th through a General Assembly resolution. The day celebrates the life and work of Nelson Mandela through volunteerism and community service.

Mr. Nelson Mandela’s full name is Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. He was a black nationalist and the first black president of South Africa. In 1993, he and de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize.

In the early 1990s, his negotiations with South African President FW de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid apartheid system and ushered in a peaceful transition. to majority mode.

Full name: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

Name: Madiba

Born: 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, South Africa

Died: December 5, 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa

Position: President of South Africa (1994-1999)

Political affiliation: Umkhonto we Sizwe African National Congress

Awards and Honors: Nobel Prize (1993)

International Nelson Mandela Day 2021: Theme, History and Meaning

Mandela Day or Nelson Mandela International Day

International Nelson Mandela Day is celebrated every year on July 18 to commemorate the South African idol’s contribution to the negotiations to end apartheid. It was on the day South Africa’s first democratically elected black president was born in 1918 in Transkei, South Africa.

In 2009, the United Nations officially declared July 18 as Nelson Mandela International Day and the day was first celebrated on July 18, 2010.

The day is celebrated on the birthday of Nelson Mandela. It was created to honor his legacy by promoting community service around the world. It was first observed on July 18, 2009, funded primarily by the Nelson Mandela Foundation and the 46664 initiative. Later that year, the United Nations announced that the day would be celebrated annually as Nelson Mandela International Day.

Nelson Mandela: Childhood Life and Work

He was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of the Cape Province of South Africa. He was the son of chief Henry Mandela of the Madiba clan of the Xhosa-speaking Tembu people.

After his father died, he was raised by Jongintaba, the governor of Tembu. In order to become a lawyer, he gave up the right to head.

He enrolled at the South African Indigenous College (later Fort Hare University). He studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand and subsequently passed the bar exam.

He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944, a black liberation group. He became the leader of her Youth Union. In the same year, he married Evelyn Ntoko Mase.

He was given another leadership position in the ANC for which he helped revive the organization and oppose the racist policies of the ruling National Party.

Together with ANC leader Oliver Tambo, in 1952 he established South Africa’s first black law practice to specialize in cases arising from apartheid laws after 1948.

That same year, he also played a key role in launching a campaign against the legislation South Africa had enacted. It requires non-whites to carry documents called cards that allow them to be present in areas the government deems “restricted” primarily for whites.

He has traveled across the country trying to build support for nonviolent protest measures against discriminatory laws.

He also helped draft the 1955 Charter of Freedom. It was a document calling for a non-racial social democracy in South Africa.

Nelson Mandela: Anti-apartheid activism and the trial

Acting against the apartheid regime made him a frequent target of the authorities. In early 1952, he was sometimes banned, that is, restricted to travel, socialize and speak. He was arrested in December 1956 along with more than a hundred others on charges of treason for harassing anti-apartheid activists.

His trial began the same year and he was finally acquitted in 1961. During the lengthy trial, he divorced his first wife and married Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela (Winnie Madikizela-Mandela).

55 best Nelson Mandela quotes to inspire and motivate

Nelson Mandela: The Rivonian Trial and Underground Operations

In 1960, following the massacre of unarmed black South Africans by the police force in Sharpeville and the banning of the ANC, Nelson Mandela abandoned his nonviolent approach and began to campaign undermining the South African regime.

He was underground and one of the founders of the ANC’s military wing under the name Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”).

He then went to Algeria in 1962 to train in guerrilla warfare and sabotage, and returned to South Africa later that year. Shortly after his return, he was arrested at a checkpoint in Natal on August 5 and sentenced to five years in prison.

Mandela and many others imprisoned were subjected to attempted sabotage, betrayal and plotting violence during the infamous Rivonian Trial in October 1963. Named for the trendy suburb of Johannesburg, where the police were raid and uncover a large amount of weapons and equipment in Umkhonto’s underground headquarters. sure .

He admitted the truth about some of the accusations in the doctor’s speech and it was against him. It is a classic defense of freedom and a challenge to tyranny. His speech gained international attention and was published later that year under the title I’m Ready to Die.

He was sentenced to life in prison on June 12, 1964, narrowly escaping the death penalty.

Nelson Mandela: Imprisonment

He was held at Robben Island Prison, near Cape Town, from 1964 to 1982. He was held at the most heavily guarded Pollsmoor Prison until 1988. Then, after being treated for tuberculosis, he was transferred to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl.

During his time in prison, he gained widespread black support in South Africa, and his imprisonment became a well-known cause in the international community for condemnation of the apartheid regime. race.

After 1983, the political situation in South Africa worsened, and especially after 1988 he was engaged by the Pres ministers. PW Botha government in exploratory talks. In December 1989, he met Botha’s successor, de Klerk.

The South African government released Mandela under President de Klerk on 11 February 1990. Shortly after his release, he was elected vice president of the ANC.

In July 1991, he became party chairman. He led the ANC in negotiations with de Klerk to end the apartheid regime and peacefully transition to a non-racial democracy in South Africa.

Nelson Mandela: President

Nelson Mandela’s ANC won South Africa’s first elections in April 1994 by universal suffrage, and he was sworn in as the country’s first president of a multi-ethnic government in May 10.

In 1995, he founded the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which specializes in investigating human rights violations under the apartheid regime. He also launched a number of initiatives including housing, education, and economic development to improve the living standards of blacks in the country.

He oversaw the adoption of a new democratic constitution in 1996. In December 1997, he resigned and handed over leadership of his party to his designated successor, Thabo Mbeki.

In 1996, he divorced Madikizela-Mandela. He remarried Graca Machel in 1998. She is the widow of Samora Machel, former president of Mozambique and leader of Frelim.

Nelson Mandela: Retirement

He did not seek a second term as president of South Africa, and was succeeded by Mbeki in 1999. After leaving office, he retired from politics.

He has maintained a strong international presence as an advocate for peace, reconciliation and social justice through the work of the Nelson Mandela Foundation, established in 1999.

He is also one of the founders of Eldership. It is an international group of leaders formed in 2007 to promote the resolution of conflicts and problems around the world.

Nelson Mandela: Articles, Speeches and Narratives

His writings and speeches are collected in I am ready to die, there is no easy road to freedom, struggle is my life and in his words.

In 1994, an autobiography A long walk to freedom which describes his early life and years in prison. In addition, an unfinished manuscript of his second volume of memoirs, later completed by Mandla Lang, was published posthumously as Don’t Dare To Stay: Years as President (2017). He died on December 5, 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

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Source: vcmp.edu.vn